The Spanish Campaign.

The medals commemorating Napoleon's Spanish campaign remind me of the common sundial motto, "I mark none but sunny hours." The few Napoleonic medals related to Napoleon's war against Spain do not begin to tell the complete story of that war. A good account in English can be found in David Gates' The Spanish Ulcer, published by W.W. Norton & Company in 1986.

After the first Austrian campaign Napoleon intended to repair the naval losses resulting from the Battle of Trafalgar by seizing the fleets of Denmark and Portugal. The British, probably warned by Talleyrand, sent an overpowering force to Copenhagen, bombed the Danes into submission, and took the remains of the Danish fleet into custody. Not even the British issued a medal to commemorate this.

Spain had been an ally of France since July, 1795. On 7 October 1800 Spain had traded Louisiana back to France in exchange for Tuscany, which became the Kingdom of Etruria for the daughter of Charles IV of Spain and her husband. Now Napoleon offered to help Spain conquer Portugal and to give part of Portugal to that royal couple in exchange for Etruria.

REUNION OF ETRURIA TO FRANCE. Bramsen 721.

Standard obverse by Andrieu.
Reverse: The Emperor in antique armor welcomes a woman who brings him an armful of good things. Signed BRENET F. and DENON D. Exergue: REUNION DE L'ETRURIE A LA FRANCE MDCCCVIII.

This is another typical Napoleonic medal in the classical style. The movement given to the figure representing Etruria by her posture and by the empty space behind her is to be noted, as well as the careful detailing of the emperor's dress. Behind Etruria is a lyre leaning against an Etruscan column capital.
Napoleon's acquisition of Etruria gave him the port of Livorno (Leghorn as the British barbarized it), blocking the entry of British goods there, as well as giving him a source of sailors for the navy he hoped to reestablish.

VISIT TO TOULOUSE. Bramsen 740.

Obverse: NEAPOLIO IMPERATOR REX Bust right. Signed in field below, ANDRIEU F..
Reverse: PRAESENTIA DONISQUE TOLOSA FELIX. (Toulouse is happy for [the Emperor's] presence and gifts.) Signed in the left field, ANDRIEU F. In exergue, XXV IULII/ MDCCCVIII.
The City of Toulouse paid Andrieu to cut the dies for their thank-you to the Emperor. The use of Latin in the inscriptions may have been their choice.

French troops were poured into France's ally, Spain, to seize the king of Portugal and his fleet; the British got there first. British ships convoyed the Portuguese fleet with its flagship carrying the Portuguese royal family to safety in the new world, the Portuguese colony of Brazil. Marshall Junot and the French troops reached Lisbon two days too late.
The second mission of the French troops in Spain was to overthrow the Bourbon rulers of that country. Napoleon's brother-in-law, Murat, was able to carry out that mission, and Napoleon promoted his brother Joseph from king of Naples to king of Spain. Murat now went on sick leave, since he had expected to be made king of Spain, taking with him as a bonus booty from the palace of the Prince of Peace and receiving the consolation prize of the Kingdom of Naples. Spanish armies then drove Joseph out of Madrid, so Napoleon took charge of the French armies in Spain to reestablish his brother on his throne. The only battle thought worthy of a medal was fought at the Sommo Sierra pass called Puerto, the gateway to Madrid. Napoleon showed his contempt for the Spanish army by having his light lancers charge the enemy's fortified position. The brave Polish lancers who made the charge were slaughtered; the Spaniards were then routed by conventional means.

THE BATTLE OF SOMMO SIERRA. Bramsen 756.

Standard obverse.
Reverse: Napoleon standing in a chariot, reins in his left hand, brandishing a thunderbolt in his right. His horses are running down a falling Fury supporting herself by clinging to a broken column with her left arm, a flaming torch in her upraised right. A snake is wrapped around her right leg and body; on the ground lie tokens of the Spanish inquisition. Signed on the left, JEU.
This medal tries to prove that Napoleon invaded Spain to overthrow the Spanish inquisition ("What a day, what a day for an auto-da-fe!"). According to Millin the die was cut from Denon's design but never used at Napoleon's mint; it was sold to a private person and first struck after 1815, in England. The first illustrated example is an English strike, the obverse signature of Droz (on the truncation) having a tell-tale large Z. Both sides show evidence of die polishing, so this is not an early strike. The absence of Denon's name as mint director is curious, as is the JEUsignature. The second reverse is another English striking, this one with an obverse by Andrieu. According to Denon's records, Andrieu was paid 2000 francs to cut a die for Sommo Sierra from a sketch by Fragonard (de Fayolle, Recherches sur Bertrand Andrieu, pp. 32,37). Bramsen, following Fellmann in the Tresor claims that the JEU. signature is apocryphal, that the die was actually cut by Brenet. Bramsen either did not read or did not understand the entry in the French mint catalog of 1892, which explains that the die by Jeuffroy was first used in England after 1815, that Brenet copied the die for the French mint (adding his signature to that of Jeuffroy). Thus French strikes will bear both signatures and date from after 1830. The unpatinated obverse and reverse above are a mid-twentieth century strike from the French mint.

The only other medal of the Spanish campaign celebrates Napoleon's taking of Madrid.

ENTRY OF THE FRENCH INTO MADRID. Bramsen 757.

Standard obverse by Andrieu.
Reverse: PORTE DE ALCALA. The northern entrance into Madrid. Signed BRENET and DENON. Exergue: ENTREE DES FRANCAIS A MADRID LE IV. DECEMBRE MDCCCVIII.

Perhaps nothing better illustrates the occupation of an enemy capitol than one of the city gates, so Denon used again here the device he had used for the entry into Berlin. Lepere did the sketch for Brenet to engrave.

With Madrid under control again, Napoleon turned to defeat the Anglo-Spanish armies. The British being deserted by their Spanish allies, Sir Henry Moore led the British retreat to Corunna, where British ships rescued the troops, although General Sir Henry died in the fighting in Corunna. Napoleon, however, had been recalled to Paris by the disturbing news that Talleyrand and Fouche, probably conspiring with Napoleon's sister Caroline, had formed a plan to take over the government of France, with Caroline's husband Murat as ruler, in case Napoleon was killed in Spain. The war in Spain was left to King Joseph and several French generals. A situation like the recent ones in Vietnam and Afghanistan developed, and Spain was never subdued, much less Portugal.

fin

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